How to use Bluetooth LE of Raspberry Pi Pico W using MicroPython

Step 1: Download the MicroPython UF2 file from the link below

https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/microcontrollers/micropython.html

Download the UF2 file which has Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE support.

Step 2: Put the UF2 file in your raspberry pi pico w

Push and hold the BOOTSEL button and plug your Pico into the USB port of your Raspberry Pi or other computer. Release the BOOTSEL button after your Pico is connected.
It will mount as a Mass Storage Device called RPI-RP2.
Drag and drop the MicroPython UF2 file onto the RPI-RP2 volume. Your Pico will reboot. You are now running MicroPython.
You can access the REPL via USB Serial.

Step 3: Save the following files in your raspberry pi pico w

As you can see in the image, these files should be saved on the raspberry pi pico w. As they will be imported as modules when you write your application code.

[ Click on the file names to see the complete code ]

ble_advertising.py

# Helpers for generating BLE advertising payloads.

from micropython import const
import struct
import bluetooth

# Advertising payloads are repeated packets of the following form:
#   1 byte data length (N + 1)
#   1 byte type (see constants below)
#   N bytes type-specific data

_ADV_TYPE_FLAGS = const(0x01)
_ADV_TYPE_NAME = const(0x09)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID16_COMPLETE = const(0x3)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID32_COMPLETE = const(0x5)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID128_COMPLETE = const(0x7)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID16_MORE = const(0x2)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID32_MORE = const(0x4)
_ADV_TYPE_UUID128_MORE = const(0x6)
_ADV_TYPE_APPEARANCE = const(0x19)


# Generate a payload to be passed to gap_advertise(adv_data=...).
def advertising_payload(limited_disc=False, br_edr=False, name=None, services=None, appearance=0):
    payload = bytearray()

    def _append(adv_type, value):
        nonlocal payload
        payload += struct.pack("BB", len(value) + 1, adv_type) + value

    _append(
        _ADV_TYPE_FLAGS,
        struct.pack("B", (0x01 if limited_disc else 0x02) + (0x18 if br_edr else 0x04)),
    )

    if name:
        _append(_ADV_TYPE_NAME, name)

    if services:
        for uuid in services:
            b = bytes(uuid)
            if len(b) == 2:
                _append(_ADV_TYPE_UUID16_COMPLETE, b)
            elif len(b) == 4:
                _append(_ADV_TYPE_UUID32_COMPLETE, b)
            elif len(b) == 16:
                _append(_ADV_TYPE_UUID128_COMPLETE, b)

    # See org.bluetooth.characteristic.gap.appearance.xml
    if appearance:
        _append(_ADV_TYPE_APPEARANCE, struct.pack("<h", appearance))

    return payload


def decode_field(payload, adv_type):
    i = 0
    result = []
    while i + 1 < len(payload):
        if payload[i + 1] == adv_type:
            result.append(payload[i + 2 : i + payload[i] + 1])
        i += 1 + payload[i]
    return result


def decode_name(payload):
    n = decode_field(payload, _ADV_TYPE_NAME)
    return str(n[0], "utf-8") if n else ""


def decode_services(payload):
    services = []
    for u in decode_field(payload, _ADV_TYPE_UUID16_COMPLETE):
        services.append(bluetooth.UUID(struct.unpack("<h", u)[0]))
    for u in decode_field(payload, _ADV_TYPE_UUID32_COMPLETE):
        services.append(bluetooth.UUID(struct.unpack("<d", u)[0]))
    for u in decode_field(payload, _ADV_TYPE_UUID128_COMPLETE):
        services.append(bluetooth.UUID(u))
    return services


def demo():
    payload = advertising_payload(
        name="micropython",
        services=[bluetooth.UUID(0x181A), bluetooth.UUID("6E400001-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E")],
    )
    print(payload)
    print(decode_name(payload))
    print(decode_services(payload))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    demo()

ble_simple_peripheral.py

# This example demonstrates a UART periperhal.

import bluetooth
import random
import struct
import time
from ble_advertising import advertising_payload

from micropython import const

_IRQ_CENTRAL_CONNECT = const(1)
_IRQ_CENTRAL_DISCONNECT = const(2)
_IRQ_GATTS_WRITE = const(3)

_FLAG_READ = const(0x0002)
_FLAG_WRITE_NO_RESPONSE = const(0x0004)
_FLAG_WRITE = const(0x0008)
_FLAG_NOTIFY = const(0x0010)

_UART_UUID = bluetooth.UUID("6E400001-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E")
_UART_TX = (
    bluetooth.UUID("6E400003-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"),
    _FLAG_READ | _FLAG_NOTIFY,
)
_UART_RX = (
    bluetooth.UUID("6E400002-B5A3-F393-E0A9-E50E24DCCA9E"),
    _FLAG_WRITE | _FLAG_WRITE_NO_RESPONSE,
)
_UART_SERVICE = (
    _UART_UUID,
    (_UART_TX, _UART_RX),
)


class BLESimplePeripheral:
    def __init__(self, ble, name="mpy-uart"):
        self._ble = ble
        self._ble.active(True)
        self._ble.irq(self._irq)
        ((self._handle_tx, self._handle_rx),) = self._ble.gatts_register_services((_UART_SERVICE,))
        self._connections = set()
        self._write_callback = None
        self._payload = advertising_payload(name=name, services=[_UART_UUID])
        self._advertise()

    def _irq(self, event, data):
        # Track connections so we can send notifications.
        if event == _IRQ_CENTRAL_CONNECT:
            conn_handle, _, _ = data
            print("New connection", conn_handle)
            self._connections.add(conn_handle)
        elif event == _IRQ_CENTRAL_DISCONNECT:
            conn_handle, _, _ = data
            print("Disconnected", conn_handle)
            self._connections.remove(conn_handle)
            # Start advertising again to allow a new connection.
            self._advertise()
        elif event == _IRQ_GATTS_WRITE:
            conn_handle, value_handle = data
            value = self._ble.gatts_read(value_handle)
            if value_handle == self._handle_rx and self._write_callback:
                self._write_callback(value)

    def send(self, data):
        for conn_handle in self._connections:
            self._ble.gatts_notify(conn_handle, self._handle_tx, data)

    def is_connected(self):
        return len(self._connections) > 0

    def _advertise(self, interval_us=500000):
        print("Starting advertising")
        self._ble.gap_advertise(interval_us, adv_data=self._payload)

    def on_write(self, callback):
        self._write_callback = callback


def demo():
    ble = bluetooth.BLE()
    p = BLESimplePeripheral(ble)

    def on_rx(v):
        print("RX", v)

    p.on_write(on_rx)

    i = 0
    while True:
        if p.is_connected():
            # Short burst of queued notifications.
            for _ in range(3):
                data = str(i) + "_"
                print("TX", data)
                p.send(data)
                i += 1
        time.sleep_ms(100)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    demo()

Step 4: Create a simple Bluetooth UART Code

which receives the message “Toggle\r\n” and Toggle the onboard LED and sends the state of the led back to the user.

# Import necessary modules
from machine import Pin 
import bluetooth
from ble_simple_peripheral import BLESimplePeripheral

# Create a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) object
ble = bluetooth.BLE()

# Create an instance of the BLESimplePeripheral class with the BLE object
sp = BLESimplePeripheral(ble)

# Create a Pin object for the onboard LED, configure it as an output
led = Pin("LED", Pin.OUT)

# Initialize the LED state to 0 (off)
led_state = 0
xWR_flag = 0
# Define a callback function to handle received data
def on_rx(data):
    print("Data received: ", data)  # Print the received data
    global led_state,xWR_flag  # Access the global variable led_state
    if data == b'toggle\r\n':  # Check if the received data is "toggle"
        led.value(not led_state)  # Toggle the LED state (on/off)
        led_state = 1 - led_state  # Update the LED state
        xWR_flag = 1

# Start an infinite loop
while True:
    if sp.is_connected():  # Check if a BLE connection is established
        sp.on_write(on_rx)  # Set the callback function for data reception
        if xWR_flag == 1:            
            # Create a message string                
            msg="LED STATE: "
            # Send the message via BLE
            sp.send(msg)
            sp.send(str(led_state))
            sp.send(str("\r\n"))
            xWR_flag = 0

How to use Bluetooth LE of Raspberry Pi Pico W using MicroPython

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