There are four imperative forms in German.
Singular ( du and Sie )
Plural ( ihr and Sie)
In formal imperative, you write Sie after the infinitive form of the verb.
Both the singular formal and plural formal imperative is written in the same way.
du and ihr are different.
Beispiel
Trinke Wasser!
Drink water!
Seh Fern
Watch TV
öffne die Flasche
Open the bottle
machen sie bitte die tür zu
Separable verbs are very tricky as they have to be memorized. You also have to take care of the correct ending of the infinitive when you separate the verb.
Beispiel
The meeting takes place on Monday.
Das Treffen findet am Montag statt.
When doe thee train depart?
Wann fahrt der Zug ab.
When does the train arrive?
Wann kommt der Zug an.
I get at 6’o clock.
Ich stehe um sechs Uhr auf.
These verbs are extremely important to form many sentences in German.
Sein is completely Irregular and has many variations. Haben has two variations in du and er/sie/es.
| haben | sein | |
| ich(I) | habe | bin |
| du(you, informal) | hast | bist |
| Sie(you, formal) | haben | sind |
| er/sie/es(he/she/it) | hat | ist |
| wir(we) | haben | sind |
| ihr(you, plural, informal) | habt | seid |
| Sie(you, plural, formal) | haben | sind |
| sie(they) | haben | sind |
Beispiele(examples)
Ich habe ein Tagebuch.
I have a diary.
Icha habe ein kugelschreiber.
I have a pen.
Er ist Lehrer.
He is a teacher.
Sie sind schön.
They are beautiful.
I am following “Basic German” by “Heiner schneke and Karen seago” as a guidebook. Along with this book, I am also using some other grammar books for supporting material.
Just like in every other language you have to learn it by heart. There are tricks that can make life easier but in the end, you have to learn them.
Verb endings of du, Sie, and er/sie/es are very important. There are lots of things that are related to them in regular verbs and there are even more things in irregular verbs formation.
After reading, I found out that there is no alternate path. You have to learn each Irregular variation. It is filled with exceptions. The pattern helps you in making a correct decision.
In the German language there are 26 alphabets which similar to English alphabets. In addition to that there are six umlauts( Ä,ä,Ö,ö,Ü,ü ).
There is one additional character which is ‘ß‘.
It is called sharp s. It is also called ess-tset.
Example: groß (Big).
Other phoentic elements are dipthongs and consonants. These are shown in the images below.
If you want to hear the proper pronunciation then watch the video below.
These are a few grammar rules which need to be known to learn german words in an easier way.
There are four things that should be known about the words
I am learning the German language. I am new to the German language and its culture. So I will be speaking in german language and recording that speech.
Hallo,
Ich heiße Abhay Kant. Ich lebe in Delhi, India. Meine mutter ist Lehrerin.
Ich habe ein website. Mein website heiße exasub.com. Ich habe degree in Electroniks und kommunikation Ingenieurwesen. Dort schreibe ich über Halbleiterbauelemente und Mikrocontroller. Ich schreibe kleinen Code in C-Sprache
Ich kennen drei sprachen Englisch, Hindi und deutsch.
Before Swapping :
a = 10
b = 2
After Swapping:
a = 2
b = 10
To do the swapping we have different approaches.
1. Swapping using a temporary variable
2. Swapping without using a temporary variable
3. Swapping using pointers
NOTE: We do not use of the second method in embedded system software writing. Because it would have to execute more instructions to perform the same operation with a temporary variable.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void) {
int a = 10;
int b = 3;
int temp = 0;
printf("Before Swapping");
printf("\na = %d\tb = %d\n",a,b);
temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
printf("After Swapping");
printf("\na = %d\tb = %d\n",a,b);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void) {
int a = 10;
int b = 3;
int temp = 0;
printf("Before Swapping");
printf("\na = %d\tb = %d\n",a,b);
a = a - b;
b = a + b;
a = b - a;
printf("After Swapping");
printf("\na = %d\tb = %d\n",a,b);
return 1;
}When the memory size is very limited we prefer to do this.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void) {
int a = 10;
int b = 3;
int temp;
int *x , *y;
printf("Before Swapping");
printf("\na = %d\tb = %d\n",a,b);
x = &a;
y = &b;
temp = *x;
*x = *y;
*y = temp;
printf("After Swapping");
printf("\na = %d\tb = %d\n",a,b);
return 1;
}
The serial console is written in a python programming language. The GUI is made using the Tkinter library and the serial interface functions are provided by the pyserial library.
you can install pyserial from command prompt(windows)/terminal(linux)
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk
import serial
import serial.tools.list_ports
import datetime
import threading
import multiprocessing
import os
#for printing debugging messages in console
dbg = 0
gRoot = Tk()
#gRoot.geometry("480x280")
gRoot.title("Serial Console")
sty = ttk.Style()
sty.theme_use("alt")
gRoot.columnconfigure(0,weight=1)
gRoot.rowconfigure(0,weight=1)
#sty.configure("gframe.TFrame",background="white")
gFrame = ttk.LabelFrame(gRoot,text="Connection Setting",padding=10)
gFrame.grid(column=1,row=1, sticky=(W,E))
#Frame for COM messages
gFrame21 = ttk.Frame(gRoot,padding=10)
gFrame21.grid(column=2,row=1, sticky=(W))
#gRoot.resizable(0,0)
for x in range(10):
gFrame.columnconfigure(x,weight = x)
gFrame.rowconfigure(x,weight = x)
label1=ttk.Label(gFrame, text = "Serial Console")
label1.grid(column=2,row=0)
gFrame.rowconfigure(0,weight=2)
sty.configure("label2.TLabel",borderwidth=4,relief="ridge",foreground="red",ipadx=10)
label2=ttk.Label(gFrame,sty="label2.TLabel", text = "Select Com Port")
label2.grid(column=1,row=1, sticky = (N,E,W,S))
"""
Com Port List
"""
#Start
ports = serial.tools.list_ports.comports()
com_port_list = [com[0] for com in ports]
com_port_list.insert(0,"Select an Option")
if dbg == 1:
print(com_port_list)
#END
com_value_inside = StringVar()
baud_value_inside = StringVar()
baud_menu = ttk.OptionMenu(gFrame,baud_value_inside,"select baud rate","9600",
'19200','28800','38400','57600','76800',
'115200','128000','153600','230400','256000','460800','921600')
baud_menu.grid(column=3, row=1, sticky = (E))
def com_port_list_update():
global ports
global com_port_list
ports = serial.tools.list_ports.comports()
com_port_list = [com[0] for com in ports]
com_port_list.insert(0,"Select an Option")
if dbg == 1:
print(com_port_list)
com_menu = ttk.OptionMenu(gFrame,com_value_inside,*com_port_list)
com_menu.grid(column=2, row=1, sticky = (E))
#Frame for the COM LIST
gRoot_com_list = Toplevel(gRoot)
x = gRoot.winfo_x()
y = gRoot.winfo_y()
gRoot_com_list.geometry("+%d+%d" %(x+200,y+200))
gFrame01 = ttk.Frame(gRoot_com_list,padding=10)
gFrame01.grid(column=0,row=1, sticky=(W))
#Create a horizontal scrollbar
scrollbar = ttk.Scrollbar(gFrame01, orient= 'horizontal')
scrollbar.grid(column=1,row=2, sticky=W+E)
Lb1 = Listbox(gFrame01, xscrollcommand = 1, width = 50, font= ('Helvetica 8 bold'))
counter = 0;
for x in ports:
Lb1.insert(counter, str(x))
#print (counter)
counter += 1
Lb1.grid(column=1,row=1, sticky=W+E)
Lb1.config(xscrollcommand= scrollbar.set)
#Configure the scrollbar
scrollbar.config(command= Lb1.xview)
def serial_print():
global serFlag
global ser
global counter1
x =""
#print("Task 1 assigned to thread: {}".format(threading.current_thread().name))
#print("ID of process running task 1: {}".format(os.getpid()))
if(serFlag):
if(ser.in_waiting>0):
#
try:
x = ser.read(ser.in_waiting)
#x = ser.readline(ser.in_waiting)
#x = ser.read_until(expected='\n', size=ser.in_waiting)
#print(x)
y = str(counter1)+": "+str(datetime.datetime.now())+" -> "+str(x.decode())
Lb2.insert(counter1, str(y))
Lb2.see("end")
#print (counter1)
counter1 += 1
#gFrame.after(100,serial_print)
except:
pass
ser.flush()
gFrame.after(100,serial_print)
ser = serial.Serial()
serFlag = 0
def serial_connect(com_port,baud_rate):
global ser
ser.baudrate = baud_rate
ser.port = com_port
ser.timeout = 1
ser._xonxoff=1
ser.bytesize=serial.EIGHTBITS
ser.parity=serial.PARITY_NONE
ser.stopbits=serial.STOPBITS_ONE
ser.open()
global serFlag
serFlag = 1
t1 = threading.Thread(target = serial_print, args = (), daemon=1)
t1.start()
#t1.join()
"""
P1 = multiprocessing.Process(target = serial_print, args=())
P1.start()
P1.join()
"""
#serial_print()
counter1 = 0;
def serial_close():
global ser
global serFlag
serFlag = 0
ser.close()
def submit_value():
if dbg == 1:
print("selected option: {}".format(com_value_inside.get()))
print(" Baud Rate {}".format(baud_value_inside.get()))
serial_connect(com_value_inside.get(),baud_value_inside.get())
Lb2 = Listbox(gFrame21, width = 100, xscrollcommand = 1)
Lb2.grid(column=1, row = 1, sticky = W+E)
Sb2 = ttk.Scrollbar(gFrame21,orient = 'vertical')
Sb2.config(command=Lb2.yview)
Sb2.grid(column = 2,row =1, sticky=N+S)
Sb2v = ttk.Scrollbar(gFrame21,orient = 'horizontal')
Sb2v.grid(column = 1,row =2, sticky=W+E)
Sb2v.config(command = Lb2.xview)
Lb2.configure(xscrollcommand = Sb2v.set, yscrollcommand = Sb2.set)
def clear_listbox():
Lb2.delete(0,END)
subBtn = ttk.Button(gFrame,text="submit",command = submit_value)
subBtn.grid(column=4,row=1, sticky = (E))
RefreshBtn = ttk.Button(gFrame,text="Get List",command = com_port_list_update)
RefreshBtn.grid(column=2,row=2, sticky = (E))
closeBtn = ttk.Button(gFrame,text="Disconnect",command = serial_close)
closeBtn.grid(column=4,row=2, sticky = (E))
clearBtn = ttk.Button(gFrame,text="Clear Messages",command = clear_listbox)
clearBtn.grid(column=3,row=2, sticky = (E))
"""
#Add a Listbox Widget
listbox = Listbox(win, width= 350, font= ('Helvetica 15 bold'))
listbox.pack(side= LEFT, fill= BOTH)
#Add values to the Listbox
for values in range(1,101):
listbox.insert(END, values)
"""
def donothing():
filewin = Toplevel(gRoot)
button = Button(filewin, text="Do nothing button")
button.pack()
def About_me():
filewin = Toplevel(gRoot)
Label1 = Label(filewin, text = "EXASUB.COM").pack()
button = Button(filewin, text="Quit", command = filewin.destroy)
button.pack()
menubar = Menu(gRoot)
filemenu = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
filemenu.add_command(label="New", command=donothing)
filemenu.add_command(label="Open", command=donothing)
filemenu.add_command(label="Save", command=donothing)
filemenu.add_command(label="Save as...", command=donothing)
filemenu.add_command(label="Close", command=donothing)
filemenu.add_separator()
filemenu.add_command(label="Exit", command=gRoot.quit)
menubar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=filemenu)
editmenu = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
editmenu.add_command(label="Undo", command=donothing)
editmenu.add_separator()
editmenu.add_command(label="Cut", command=donothing)
editmenu.add_command(label="Copy", command=donothing)
editmenu.add_command(label="Paste", command=donothing)
editmenu.add_command(label="Delete", command=donothing)
editmenu.add_command(label="Select All", command=donothing)
menubar.add_cascade(label="Edit", menu=editmenu)
helpmenu = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
helpmenu.add_command(label="Help Index", command=donothing)
helpmenu.add_command(label="About...", command=donothing)
menubar.add_cascade(label="Help", menu=helpmenu)
menubar.add_command(label = "EXASUB.com", command = About_me)
menubar.add_separator()
menubar.add_command(label = "Quit", command = gRoot.destroy)
gRoot.config(menu=menubar)
gRoot.mainloop()
Python’s functionality can be extended with scripts that are made to do different tasks. They are sometimes super easy to work with and can perform a myriad of tasks with just a few lines of code.
You can browse through many packages here: https://pypi.org/
to install these packages you need to have python software already installed in your computer.
Open Command Prompt
syntax for installing a package using PIP
pip install your-package-name-hereAnd let’s say you want to work with UART or serial data. You can install pyserial.
pip install pyserialafter your work is done you can also remove or uninstall the package using
pip uninstall pyserial