In Tkinter, the sticky option is used to specify how a widget should expand to fill the space allotted to it within its container widget.

The sticky option is used when placing a widget using the grid geometry manager. When a widget is placed in a cell of the grid, it can be set to “stick” to one or more sides of the cell. The sticky option takes one or more of the following values:

• N: stick to the top edge of the cell
• S: stick to the bottom edge of the cell
• E: stick to the right edge of the cell
• W: stick to the left edge of the cell
• NW: stick to the top-left corner of the cell
• NE: stick to the top-right corner of the cell
• SW: stick to the bottom-left corner of the cell
• SE: stick to the bottom-right corner of the cell

For example, if you want a widget to fill the entire width of a cell and stick to the top edge of the cell, you can use:

widget.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=2, sticky='W' + 'E' + 'N')

This will place the widget in the first row, first column of the grid, and span two columns. The sticky option is set to 'W' + 'E' + 'N', which means the widget will stick to the left, right, and top edges of the cell, but not the bottom edge. As a result, the widget will expand horizontally to fill the width of the cell, but not vertically.

Example

import tkinter as tk

root = tk.Tk()

# Create a label widget and place it in the first row, first column of the grid
label = tk.Label(root, text="Hello, world!")
label.grid(row=0, column=0)

# Create a button widget and place it in the second row, first column of the grid
button = tk.Button(root, text="Click me!")
button.grid(row=1, column=0)

# Create an entry widget and place it in the second row, second column of the grid
entry = tk.Entry(root)
entry.grid(row=1, column=1, sticky='W')

# Create a text widget and place it in the third row, first column of the grid
text = tk.Text(root)
text.grid(row=2, column=0, columnspan=2, sticky='W'+'E'+'N'+'S')

branding_label = tk.Label(root, text="Powered by exasub.com")
branding_label.grid(row=3, column=0, columnspan=2, padx=10, pady=10, sticky='E')

root.mainloop()

In this example, we create a label widget, a button widget, an entry widget, and a text widget, and place them in a grid using the grid geometry manager.

The label widget is placed in the first row, first column of the grid, with no sticky option specified, so it will not expand to fill the cell.

The button widget is placed in the second row, first column of the grid, with no sticky option specified, so it will not expand to fill the cell.

The entry widget is placed in the second row, second column of the grid, with the sticky option set to ‘W’, so it will stick to the left edge of the cell and not expand to fill the cell.

The text widget is placed in the third row, first column of the grid, with the sticky option set to ‘W’+’E’+’N’+’S’, so it will stick to all four edges of the cell and expand to fill the entire cell.

This code is a Resistor Color Code Calculator. A resistor is an electronic component used in circuits to control the flow of electricity. The colors of the bands on the resistor indicate the resistance value of the resistor. This code allows you to select the color of the four bands on the resistor and then calculate the resistance value of the resistor.

The code uses a graphical user interface (GUI) built using a library called tkinter. The GUI consists of labels, dropdown menus, a button, and a link. The dropdown menus allow you to select the colors of the four bands on the resistor. The button, when pressed, calculates the resistance value of the resistor and displays it on the screen. The link is a hyperlink that takes you to a website.

The code defines two dictionaries that hold the color codes and tolerance values for resistors. The calculate_resistance function uses the selected colors to calculate the resistance value of the resistor. The open_website function opens a website when the link is clicked.

Code

import tkinter as tk
import webbrowser

# Define the color code values
color_codes = {
    "black": {"value": 0, "color": "#000000"},
    "brown": {"value": 1, "color": "#964B00"},
    "red": {"value": 2, "color": "#FF0000"},
    "orange": {"value": 3, "color": "#FFA500"},
    "yellow": {"value": 4, "color": "#FFFF00"},
    "green": {"value": 5, "color": "#008000"},
    "blue": {"value": 6, "color": "#0000FF"},
    "violet": {"value": 7, "color": "#8B00FF"},
    "gray": {"value": 8, "color": "#808080"},
    "white": {"value": 9, "color": "#FFFFFF"}
}

# Define the tolerance values
tolerances = {
    "brown": {"value": 1, "color": "#964B00"},
    "gold": {"value": 5, "color": "#FFD700"},
    "silver": {"value": 10, "color": "#C0C0C0"}
}

# Define the GUI
root = tk.Tk()
root.title("Resistor Color Code Calculator")

# Define the functions
def calculate_resistance(band1, band2, band3, band4):
    resistance_value = (color_codes[band1]["value"] * 10 + color_codes[band2]["value"]) * (10 ** color_codes[band3]["value"])
    if band4 != "none":
        tolerance_value = tolerances[band4]["value"]
        return f"Resistance value: {resistance_value} ohms, Tolerance: ±{tolerance_value}%"
    else:
        return f"Resistance value: {resistance_value} ohms"

def open_website():
    webbrowser.open_new("http://www.exasub.com")

# Define the GUI elements
label1 = tk.Label(root, text="Select the color of the first band:")
label1.grid(row=0, column=0)

band1_var = tk.StringVar(root)
band1_var.set("black")

band1_color_label = tk.Label(root, bg=color_codes[band1_var.get()]["color"], width=10)
band1_color_label.grid(row=0, column=1)

band1_dropdown = tk.OptionMenu(root, band1_var, *color_codes.keys(), command=lambda _: band1_color_label.config(bg=color_codes[band1_var.get()]["color"]))
band1_dropdown.grid(row=0, column=2)

label2 = tk.Label(root, text="Select the color of the second band:")
label2.grid(row=1, column=0)

band2_var = tk.StringVar(root)
band2_var.set("black")

band2_color_label = tk.Label(root, bg=color_codes[band2_var.get()]["color"], width=10)
band2_color_label.grid(row=1, column=1)

band2_dropdown = tk.OptionMenu(root, band2_var, *color_codes.keys(), command=lambda _: band2_color_label.config(bg=color_codes[band2_var.get()]["color"]))
band2_dropdown.grid(row=1, column=2)

label3 = tk.Label(root, text="Select the color of the third band:")
label3.grid(row=2, column=0)

band3_var = tk.StringVar(root)
band3_var.set("black")

band3_color_label = tk.Label(root, bg=color_codes[band3_var.get()]["color"], width=10)
band3_color_label.grid(row=2, column=1)

band3_dropdown = tk.OptionMenu(root, band3_var, *color_codes.keys(), command=lambda _: band3_color_label.config(bg=color_codes[band3_var.get()]["color"]))
band3_dropdown.grid(row=2, column=2)

label4 = tk.Label(root, text="Select the color of the fourth band (optional):")
label4.grid(row=3, column=0)

band4_var = tk.StringVar(root)
band4_var.set("gold")

band4_color_label = tk.Label(root, bg=tolerances[band4_var.get()]["color"], width=10)
band4_color_label.grid(row=3, column=1)

band4_dropdown = tk.OptionMenu(root, band4_var, *(["none"] + list(tolerances.keys())), command=lambda _: band4_color_label.config(bg=tolerances[band4_var.get()]["color"]))
band4_dropdown.grid(row=3, column=2)

calculate_button = tk.Button(root, text="Calculate", command=lambda: result_label.config(text=calculate_resistance(band1_var.get(), band2_var.get(), band3_var.get(), band4_var.get())))
calculate_button.grid(row=4, column=1)

result_label = tk.Label(root, text="", font=("Arial", 14))
result_label.grid(row=5, column=0, columnspan=3)

link_label = tk.Label(root, text="exasub.com", font=("Arial", 14), fg="blue", cursor="hand2")
link_label.grid(row=6, column=0, pady=10)
link_label.bind("<Button-1>", lambda event: open_website())

root.mainloop()

A digital clock is a very common type of clock that displays the time in digits, as opposed to an analog clock that displays the time using clock hands. With Python, you can easily create a digital clock using the Tkinter GUI toolkit. In this article, we will show you how to create a digital clock using Python.

Step 1: Importing Required Libraries We need to import the following libraries to create a digital clock in Python:

from tkinter import *
import time

Here, we import the Tkinter library for creating the graphical user interface, and the time library for working with time and dates in Python.

Step 2: Creating the Digital Clock Class We will create a class called DigitalClock that contains the code for creating the digital clock.

class DigitalClock:
    def __init__(self, root):
        self.root = root
        self.root.title("Digital Clock")
        self.root.geometry("300x200")
        self.root.resizable(False, False)

        # Create a label for displaying the current time
        self.time_label = Label(root, text="", font=("Arial", 50))
        self.time_label.pack(pady=20)

        # Add your website name with a hyperlink
        self.link_label = Label(root, text="exasub.com", font=("Arial", 14), fg="blue", cursor="hand2")
        self.link_label.pack(pady=10)
        self.link_label.bind("<Button-1>", lambda event: self.open_website())

        # Update the time every second
        self.update_clock()

Here, we define the __init__ method that initializes the class with the root argument. We set the title of the window to “Digital Clock”, and set the window size to 300×200. We then create a label called time_label to display the current time with a font size of 50.

We also create another label called link_label that displays your website name with a hyperlink. When the user clicks on the link, the open_website method will be called.

Finally, we call the update_clock method to update the time every second.

Step 3: Updating the Clock We will now define the update_clock method that will update the clock every second.

def update_clock(self):
    # Get the current time and format it
    current_time = time.strftime("%H:%M:%S")
    self.time_label.config(text=current_time)

    # Schedule the next update after 1 second
    self.root.after(1000, self.update_clock)

Here, we get the current time using the strftime method of the time library, and format it in the HH:MM:SS format. We then set the text of the time_label to the current time using the config method.

We also schedule the next update after 1 second using the after method of the root window.

Step 4: Opening the Website We will define the open_website method that will open your website when the user clicks on the hyperlink.

def open_website(self):
    import webbrowser
    webbrowser.open_new("http://www.exasub.com")

Here, we import the webbrowser library and use the open_new method to open your website.

Step 5: Running the Program Finally, we will create the main method and run the program.

if __name__ == "__main__":
    root = Tk()
    clock = DigitalClock(root)
    root.mainloop()

Here is the complete code for creating a digital clock using Python:

from tkinter import *
import time

class DigitalClock:
    def __init__(self, root):
        self.root = root
        self.root.title("Digital Clock")
        self.root.geometry("300x200")
        self.root.resizable(False, False)

        # Create a label for displaying the current time
        self.time_label = Label(root, text="", font=("Arial", 50))
        self.time_label.pack(pady=20)

        # Add your website name with a hyperlink
        self.link_label = Label(root, text="exasub.com", font=("Arial", 14), fg="blue", cursor="hand2")
        self.link_label.pack(pady=10)
        self.link_label.bind("<Button-1>", lambda event: self.open_website())

        # Update the time every second
        self.update_clock()

    def update_clock(self):
        # Get the current time and format it
        current_time = time.strftime("%H:%M:%S")
        self.time_label.config(text=current_time)

        # Schedule the next update after 1 second
        self.root.after(1000, self.update_clock)

    def open_website(self):
        import webbrowser
        webbrowser.open_new("http://www.exasub.com")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    root = Tk()
    clock = DigitalClock(root)
    root.mainloop()